This SQL keywords reference contains the reserved words in SQL.
Keyword | Description |
---|---|
ADD | Adds a column in an existing table |
ADD CONSTRAINT | Adds a constraint after a table is already created |
ALTER | Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table, or changes the data type of a column in a table |
ALTER COLUMN | Changes the data type of a column in a table |
ALTER TABLE | Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table |
ALL | Returns true if all of the subquery values meet the condition |
AND | Only includes rows where both conditions is true |
ANY | Returns true if any of the subquery values meet the condition |
AS | Renames a column or table with an alias |
ASC | Sorts the result set in ascending order |
BACKUP DATABASE | Creates a back up of an existing database |
BETWEEN | Selects values within a given range |
CASE | Creates different outputs based on conditions |
CHECK | A constraint that limits the value that can be placed in a column |
COLUMN | Changes the data type of a column or deletes a column in a table |
CONSTRAINT | Adds or deletes a constraint |
CREATE | Creates a database, index, view, table, or procedure |
CREATE DATABASE | Creates a new SQL database |
CREATE INDEX | Creates an index on a table (allows duplicate values) |
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW | Updates a view |
CREATE TABLE | Creates a new table in the database |
CREATE PROCEDURE | Creates a stored procedure |
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX | Creates a unique index on a table (no duplicate values) |
CREATE VIEW | Creates a view based on the result set of a SELECT statement |
DATABASE | Creates or deletes an SQL database |
DEFAULT | A constraint that provides a default value for a column |
DELETE | Deletes rows from a table |
DESC | Sorts the result set in descending order |
DISTINCT | Selects only distinct (different) values |
DROP | Deletes a column, constraint, database, index, table, or view |
DROP COLUMN | Deletes a column in a table |
DROP CONSTRAINT | Deletes a UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, or CHECK constraint |
DROP DATABASE | Deletes an existing SQL database |
DROP DEFAULT | Deletes a DEFAULT constraint |
DROP INDEX | Deletes an index in a table |
DROP TABLE | Deletes an existing table in the database |
DROP VIEW | Deletes a view |
EXEC | Executes a stored procedure |
EXISTS | Tests for the existence of any record in a subquery |
FOREIGN KEY | A constraint that is a key used to link two tables together |
FROM | Specifies which table to select or delete data from |
FULL OUTER JOIN | Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or right table |
GROUP BY | Groups the result set (used with aggregate functions: COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) |
HAVING | Used instead of WHERE with aggregate functions |
IN | Allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause |
INDEX | Creates or deletes an index in a table |
INNER JOIN | Returns rows that have matching values in both tables |
INSERT INTO | Inserts new rows in a table |
INSERT INTO SELECT | Copies data from one table into another table |
IS NULL | Tests for empty values |
IS NOT NULL | Tests for non-empty values |
JOIN | Joins tables |
LEFT JOIN | Returns all rows from the left table, and the matching rows from the right table |
LIKE | Searches for a specified pattern in a column |
LIMIT | Specifies the number of records to return in the result set |
NOT | Only includes rows where a condition is not true |
NOT NULL | A constraint that enforces a column to not accept NULL values |
OR | Includes rows where either condition is true |
ORDER BY | Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order |
OUTER JOIN | Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or right table |
PRIMARY KEY | A constraint that uniquely identifies each record in a database table |
PROCEDURE | A stored procedure |
RIGHT JOIN | Returns all rows from the right table, and the matching rows from the left table |
ROWNUM | Specifies the number of records to return in the result set |
SELECT | Selects data from a database |
SELECT DISTINCT | Selects only distinct (different) values |
SELECT INTO | Copies data from one table into a new table |
SELECT TOP | Specifies the number of records to return in the result set |
SET | Specifies which columns and values that should be updated in a table |
TABLE | Creates a table, or adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table, or deletes a table or data inside a table |
TOP | Specifies the number of records to return in the result set |
TRUNCATE TABLE | Deletes the data inside a table, but not the table itself |
UNION | Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements (only distinct values) |
UNION ALL | Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements (allows duplicate values) |
UNIQUE | A constraint that ensures that all values in a column are unique |
UPDATE | Updates existing rows in a table |
VALUES | Specifies the values of an INSERT INTO statement |
VIEW | Creates, updates, or deletes a view |
WHERE | Filters a result set to include only records that fulfill a specified condition |